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The introduction to this Unit
has already explained what velotyping is.

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The introduction
to this element has already explained

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what are the psycho-cognitive skills
a velotypist must possess.

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This video lecture is aimed
at letting you know

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the strategies a velotypist applies

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when he or she realises
the speaker is challenging.

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To do so, I will define the challenging speaker.

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 to then move to the strategies
a velotypist tries to apply

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when having to deal
with specific challenges

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like a fast speech,

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incomprehensible speech,

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a low-volume speech,

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an impromptu speech

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and plays on words.

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This is the agenda of this presentation.

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As you have seen,

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a velotypist has to do
many things at the same time.

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In this Element,

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we will deal with
the psychocognitive skill

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of activating exit strategies
while velotyping,

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if you realize
the speaker is challenging.

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In particular,

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for a velotypist to be able
and become a professional in the field,

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he or she has also to apply
solutions to problems

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he or she may encounter when subtitling,

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due to the fact
that he or she is no longer capable

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of providing the service as required.

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While you can only develop
these competences by the time

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and thanks to ad hoc exercises,

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you may be interested in understanding
the rationale behind it all.

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To do this, we will see
what a challenging speaker is.

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For every challenge,
I will try to provide concrete solutions.

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What does it mean
a speaker is challenging?

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There are many situations
where I found myself

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trying to subtitle a speech
I found it hard to subtitle.

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Here we will see five situations

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which may cause troubles to respeakers

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when subtitling a speech in real time.

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For sure, a speaker is challenging

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when he or she speaks above your MARS,

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or your capacity to produce text
as rapidly and accurately as needed,

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However, a fast speaker can be
less challenging than a speaker

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whose utterances are incomprehensible
for some reason

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or pronounced far from the mic
or at a low volume.

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These are the worst to me.

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Some colleagues also find it difficult

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to subtitle speakers who have not planned
their speech beforehand,

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and speakers who keep using
plays on words.

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Here are some examples
of challenging speakers.

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When trying to subtitle
people speaking very fast,

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there are three types of problems.

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One is that you are not capable to produce
accurate text at the same speed.

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A second problem is that you cannot
memorize or even understand

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what quick speakers say.

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Last but not least,

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even if you were capable of keeping
the same pace as the speaker,

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your audience would have problems
reading your subtitles at the same speed,

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especially if subtitles are visible
as two-liner subtitles.

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So what shall we do
when a speaker speaks too fast?

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Let’s consider this example,

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taken from the opening of the famous address

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delivered by Martin Luther King in 1963,

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at the March on Washington
for Jobs and Freedom.

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Let’s read it.

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I am happy to join with you today

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in what will go down in history
as the greatest demonstration for freedom

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in the history of our nation.

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Five score years ago, a great American,

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in whose symbolic shadow we stand today,

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signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

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This momentous decree came
as a great beacon light of hope

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to millions of Negro slaves
who had been seared

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in the flames of withering injustice.

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It came as a joyous daybreak

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to end the long night
of their captivity.

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Now let’s pretend we are subtitling
Dr. King’s speech in real time

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and that we were not given
the text of the speech beforehand.

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If we had the script of the speech,
we could feed the software with this

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or train ourselves with it.

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But we cannot.

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Let’s also pretend he is very stressed
and starts speaking very quickly.

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What can we do?

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In this case one solution may be
the Gordian Knot Strategy,

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or cut and knit.

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It means that you can subtitle

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only half of the sentences
pronounced by the speaker

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while trying to keep coherence.

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In this example,

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you can avoid pronouncing
every other sentence

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and still provide
understandable subtitles,

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with little or no cohesion effort.

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Let’s read the text
as a result of this strategy.

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We will see it keeps saying
more or less the same thing.

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I am happy to join with you today.

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Five score years ago,

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a great American signed
the Emancipation Proclamation.

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This momentous decree came
as a great beacon light of hope

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to millions of Negro slaves.

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It came as a joyous daybreak
to end the long night of their captivity.

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Of course this is not always easy.

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Sometimes, doing this may cause
even more troubles.

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Let’s consider the same example,

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and apply the Gordian Knot strategy
in a different manner.

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Let’s read the text as a result
of a badly applied Gordian Knot strategy.

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I am happy to join with you today

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in what will go down in history
as the greatest demonstration for freedom

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in the history of our nation.

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This momentous decree came
as a great beacon light of hope

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to millions of Negro slaves,

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who had been seared
in the flames of withering injustice.

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But one hundred years later,
the Negro still is not free.

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We can see that this
creates some inconsistencies.

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Given that the sentence with the reference
to Abraham Lincoln

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having signed the Emancipation Proclamation
is left out.

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with Abraham Lincoln having signed
the Emancipation Proclamation.

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This creates a huge cohesion problem,

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because the following sentences
refer to it.

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Are we still capable of guessing
what the speaker means by "Negro slaves"?

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Are the subtitles referring to the same people
the speaker is referring to?

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And what does
the "hundred years later" phrase refer to?

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When you are not confident
going for the Gordian Knot,

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prefer the Garwood Strategy.

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When in doubt, leave it out.

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You leave out an entire chunk.

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And start from the first sentence

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you think makes sense to re-start from.

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In this case, it is the last sentence

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without the reference
to that "something",

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you were not able to subtitle
which happened 100 years before.

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The final result is the following.

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I am happy to join with you today

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in what will go down in history
as the greatest demonstration for freedom

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in the history of our nation.

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The Negro still is not free.

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This is an extreme solution.

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The audience realizes
that subtitles do not read

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what is said by the speaker.

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This is not a problem
if this is rarely adopted

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and if you are capable of explaining
the reason.

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Do you remember Charles Chaplin in the Great Dictator?

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There dictator Hynkel speaks fake German
to the people of Tomainia

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who applaud him.

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When we type, it may happen
that we as real-time subtitlers

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find ourselves in situations

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where we don’t understand
the sentence or sentences

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that the speaker pronounces

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while it seems that his or her audience does

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as in this famous scene.

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In such cases,
you can adopt the Generalisation Strategy.

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If you know the topic and the context,

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and you more or less know
what he or she is saying,

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you can either relate 
to the last concept you have understood

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by either reformulating it,

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or saying something
that does not commit yourselves too much,

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like something general or logical.

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Let’s consider some examples.

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Let’s consider
the same example as above.

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Here you stop understanding the speaker
when he says:

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“This momentous decree came
as a great beacon light of hope

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to millions of Negro slaves,

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who had been seared
in the flames of withering injustice”.

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What can you do?

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You can try to keep providing
the subtitling service,

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by reformulating
the last concept you have understood,

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meaning: "Five score years ago,

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a great American,
in whose symbolic shadow we stand today,

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signed the Emancipation Proclamation".

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Here is the result.

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The sentence is replaced

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by the reformulation
of the last subtitled sentence,

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"The Emancipation proclamation
signed 100 years ago,

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by such a Great American,
is the symbol of us all today".

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It may sound a bit redundant

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but this is an inspirational speech
with an important use of rhetoric.

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This strategy is not to be confused
with cheating.

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Here you don’t lie.

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On the contrary,
you keep providing correct information.

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And consequently, the audience keeps relying
on the subtitles

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because they keep seeing them
under the speaker’s mouth.

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If you understand
the overall message

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the speaker wants to deliver

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thanks to context, body language
or from slides he or she uses

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you can replace the missing bits

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with logical consequences
or general statements,

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without jeopardising
understanding of the source text,

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or cheating with fake information,

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The final result is:

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"This was a fundamental step
in our history

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that made this gathering possible".

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You have replaced

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the incomprehensible sentence
with a general statement,

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which is also a logical continuation
of the previous sentence.

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When you are no confident going
for the Generalisation Strategy, again,

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prefer the Garwood Strategy:
when in doubt, leave it out.

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Remember that this is an extreme solution

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and that the audience realizes
that subtitles do not read

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what is said by the speaker.

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Some speakers, like Marlon Brando's
Don Corleone in The Godfather

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who mumble or speak with a low volume

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that the problem is not
that you don’t understand them.

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With a little effort you do.

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00:13:47,876 --> 00:13:49,523
The problem is when you try
to type

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your concentration is on typing correctly.

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Moreover, the extra effort involved
in understanding the speaker,

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reduces your capacity to type.

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00:14:00,090 --> 00:14:04,141
So, what can you do in such cases?

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00:14:04,166 --> 00:14:08,498
If the speaker speaks out of the mic
or with a low volume,

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00:14:08,523 --> 00:14:10,442
there is little we can do.

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00:14:10,467 --> 00:14:14,523
You can ask the speaker
to speak closer to the mic or louder,

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if you are physically close
to him or her.

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00:14:17,610 --> 00:14:20,065
However, sometimes it happens

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that a speaker used to do this,
speaking with a low volume

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00:14:24,502 --> 00:14:28,055
or not caring about the microphone,

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he or she will not manage
to behave for long.

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00:14:31,493 --> 00:14:34,011
In such cases, you can only adopt

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00:14:34,036 --> 00:14:37,950
the Gordian Knot strategy,
or cut and knit.

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00:14:37,975 --> 00:14:39,603
As seen previously,

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the Gordian Knot consists
in hearing a sentence

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and repeating it as fast as possible
once it is over,

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00:14:48,012 --> 00:14:50,804
by compressing it if you can.

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00:14:50,829 --> 00:14:53,158
Then, you can skip the following sentence

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and concentrate
on the third sentence of the row.

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Which you are going to repeat
as quickly as possible once it is over,

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by paying attention to cohesion
and coherence

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As in the case of a fast speaker,

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this is something
that you cannot do for long.

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There is a huge debate,
among scholars and among professionals,

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about whether one can subtitle
all features of orality.

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Somebody says yes,

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because one must be faithful
to what the speaker actually says.

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Somebody says no,

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because readability
and understandability is more important.

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Especially when it comes to a politician,

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the question of reproducing
one's bad grammar or mistakes

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00:15:45,734 --> 00:15:48,255
is all the more important.

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00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:51,439
It has to do with
being fair with the opposition,

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00:15:51,464 --> 00:15:53,932
or diplomatic with the speaker.

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Though an answer is difficult to provide

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00:15:56,889 --> 00:16:00,310
because, to me,
both parties have their point,

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00:16:00,335 --> 00:16:05,813
Let me now concentrate
on how to deal with features of orality.

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They jeopardise both your understanding
as a real-time subtitler

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00:16:10,326 --> 00:16:14,180
and that of the audience reading
verbatim subtitles.

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00:16:14,205 --> 00:16:16,058
So, what can you do?

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00:16:16,083 --> 00:16:21,011
Though we always have to understand
which strategy is better to use,

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00:16:21,036 --> 00:16:23,578
verbatim or sensatim,

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00:16:23,603 --> 00:16:28,235
an impromptu speech is an obstacle
to the subtitling process,

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00:16:28,260 --> 00:16:32,976
especially in the case velotyping
is used as a subtitle tool.

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00:16:33,001 --> 00:16:37,697
Because it is sometimes a challenge
to type non-existing words,

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like those speakers,
especially foreigners

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00:16:40,464 --> 00:16:45,422
may produce as a result of calques
from their native language

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or as a result of mispronunciation.

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So, how to cope with impromptu speech?

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If it is a challenge
to the subtitling process,

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you can go for correcting
one’s bad grammar

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or go straight to the point.

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If it is not relevant
that the speaker makes mistakes

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because he or she is a non-native,
speaking English as a communication tool,

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no matter if he or she
doesn’t pronounce words properly,

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00:17:15,615 --> 00:17:19,452
selects wrong words, mumbles,

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00:17:19,477 --> 00:17:24,643
hesitates, self-reformulates,
produces extra sounds etc.

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What is important in a conference speech
is the main message.

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If you manage
to understand what he or she says,

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and recognize pronunciation,
grammar and lexical mistakes,

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due to the speaker’s native language,

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you can go and correct
his or her output.

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Preferably, with short sentences.

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Given that foreigners tend to speak slowly
compared to native speakers,

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the strategy is to wait
for a complete sentence and then continue typing.

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The delay should be enough
to let you produce correct sentences.

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Don’t try to follow
the pace of the speakers

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Because you might have to go back
and retype parts of what was said.

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Concretely, let’s consider
this concrete example

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taken from the transcription
of a speech made by an Italian politician

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famous for not being
an excellent speaker of English.

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[reads the slide]

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This speaker is challenging.

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Especially if you don't guess
what is the meaning the speaker wants to deliver.

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However, truncating what the speaker says
into smaller chunks is quite easy

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because grammar is simple

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Now consider the examples we have just seen

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Mr. Renzi who speaks here is a challenging speaker.

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00:19:30,618 --> 00:19:35,599
However, truncating what the speaker says
into smaller chunks is quite easy

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because Mr. Renzi, like many foreigners,
uses a simple grammar.

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A possible result
trying to keep as much of the original as possible

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and producing short sentences
could be:

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[he reads the slide]

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OK, remember that this manipulation
of the source text

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is only possible at the grammar level.

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00:20:29,828 --> 00:20:31,906
Not at the content level.

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Otherwise this may cause differences
between those who hear the speaker

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and those who read the subtitles.

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00:20:40,175 --> 00:20:44,190
Also consider that somebody
having heard what the speaker says

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may contradict him or her

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or correct him or her.

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00:20:55,731 --> 00:21:01,368
Plays on words are really terrible
to type for many reasons.

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especially if you have to subtitle them live.

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00:21:07,198 --> 00:21:12,959
In the movie Pulp Fiction,
Uma Thurman tells a joke to John Travolta

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00:21:12,984 --> 00:21:14,360
Which says:

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00:21:14,385 --> 00:21:17,395
[he reads the slide]

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I don’t want to know
how much time it took

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00:21:34,055 --> 00:21:37,952
to those who had to subtitle this
into other languages,

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or if they managed to do it.

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00:21:40,782 --> 00:21:45,049
But even intralingually,
this is not an easy task.

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This joke is based on two homophones.

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The verb "catch up"
as a synonym to "speed up"

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00:21:53,286 --> 00:21:56,798
and the noun "ketchup",
the tomato-based sauce.

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When it is a play involving
a non-standard spelling,

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we normally stop
and type the word in uppercase letters.

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00:22:06,475 --> 00:22:10,403
As a signal to the audience
that that is the word or group of words

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00:22:10,428 --> 00:22:13,108
where they have to focus their attention,

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00:22:13,133 --> 00:22:15,516
as that is the funny part of the joke.

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00:22:15,541 --> 00:22:18,404
 Some colleagues use inverted commas.

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00:22:18,429 --> 00:22:22,366
Some others put an exclamation mark
after the wordplay.

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00:22:22,391 --> 00:22:25,369
Some others use
the caption [laughter].

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00:22:25,394 --> 00:22:28,099
What do we do in this case,

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00:22:28,124 --> 00:22:32,610
where a homophone is used
to provoke the laughter in this case?

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00:22:34,635 --> 00:22:39,722
One solution can be that
of spelling the non-standard homophone,

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00:22:39,747 --> 00:22:41,852
the unexpected one.

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00:22:41,877 --> 00:22:46,250
In this case we use ellipses
as a suspense technique.

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00:22:46,275 --> 00:22:48,317
Then we use uppercase letters

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00:22:48,342 --> 00:22:52,230
to say that they have to concentrate
on the word Ketchup,

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the unexpected, laughter-provoking synonym
to catch up or speed up.

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In this video lecture,
we have seen some concrete examples

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of how to behave
when a speaker is challenging.

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When a speaker is challenging,

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00:23:13,104 --> 00:23:16,941
we need to adopt
what we call here Exit Strategies,

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00:23:16,966 --> 00:23:22,199
meaning strategies to apply to exit
a potentially dangerous situation,

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00:23:22,224 --> 00:23:26,447
for either the subtitler,
the audience or both.

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00:23:26,472 --> 00:23:29,384
In case of a fast speaker,

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00:23:29,409 --> 00:23:32,148
the mostly used technique
is the Gordian Knot,

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00:23:32,173 --> 00:23:34,775
or cut and knit strategy.

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00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:39,028
Meaning trying to reduce the speech
by omitting whole chunks

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00:23:39,053 --> 00:23:43,737
and managing to make the non-omitted parts
coherent among them.

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00:23:43,762 --> 00:23:47,458
An extreme solution
is the Garwood strategy,

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00:23:47,483 --> 00:23:52,266
meaning leaving everything out
and explaining why you did so.

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00:23:52,291 --> 00:23:56,451
The Garwood strategy
is also an extreme strategy

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00:23:56,476 --> 00:23:59,109
for incomprehensible speeches.

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00:23:59,134 --> 00:24:04,466
However, replacing incomprehensible bits
with general or logical bits

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00:24:04,491 --> 00:24:07,596
is to be preferred if possible.

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00:24:07,621 --> 00:24:13,658
When a speaker speaks with a low volume,
the Gordian Knot is the best solution.

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00:24:13,683 --> 00:24:19,595
When a speaker makes an Impromptu speech
with mistakes and features of orality,

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00:24:19,620 --> 00:24:22,533
the strategy is to skip them

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00:24:22,558 --> 00:24:26,555
and try to produce
short and correct sentences.

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00:24:26,580 --> 00:24:29,496
Finally,
when it comes to plays on words,

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00:24:29,521 --> 00:24:34,340
the best solution is to type
the laughter-provoking unexpected word

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00:24:34,365 --> 00:24:36,810
in uppercase characters.